Our History

The engineering effort at the turn of the century to build the mines and railroad was truly awesome. The structures that still stand at the mill site and mines represent a time of wide open exploration and exploitation in Alaska’s rough and wild early days. The Mill building, at 14 levels, is still the tallest wooden structure in America.

Kennecott’s high-grade copper ore, was known, revered and used by the Ahtna native tribes. It was directly because of the knowledge of these peoples that the white man located these copper deposits. The Athabascan Indian culture is widespread through the interior lands of Alaska. They are the true caretakers of the land. Until the United States purchased Alaska, the Ahtnas were successful in keeping the Russians out of the Copper River valley and thus their culture intact, at least until the advent of the Gold Rush.

The copper in the area of Kennecott was among the richest deposits ever found and still unique in the world. The mountains just to the northeast of the present mine site of Kennecott display a well-defined contact line apparent at about the 6,000 foot elevation. This line is where the Chitistone Limestone (a light-colored rock) and Nikolai Greenstone (the dark-colored rock beneath it) meet. The limestone-greenstone contact was reported by early geologists surveying the area in 1899 as a formation along which copper ore bodies might be formed.

Because everyone had to pass through McCarthy, it was a great location for a sin city. And the good-time girls arrived to set up shop. This continued right up to the final days before the railroad pulled out, though on a lesser scale. Many of the women of the line were highly respected in the community and known for their charity work and good deeds. It’s interesting to note that no church was ever established in the early days within the precincts of the town and though many citizens were teetotalers, the bootlegging and still operations remained rampant all through the prohibition years.

In the summer of 1900, the prospectors Clarence Warner and “Tarantula Jack” Smith were prospecting the east side of the Kennicott Glacier armed with the stories of the Ahtnas and the geologists. They could not miss the magnificent green cliffs of oxidized copper high on the mountainside. They staked the discovery as the “Bonanza”.

Stephen Birch, fronting for a group of venture capitalists purchased the claim. Birch was backed by some of the “industrial baron” families of the time, the Morgans and Guggenheims. First called the Alaska Syndicate, it was later renamed the Kennecott Copper Corporation in 1915.

Along with the building of the mine and mill works, the corporation constructed the 196 miles of railroad from Kennecott to Cordova, also a steamship line that shipped the ore to be processed in Tacoma, Washington. Shipments began in 1911. The final shipment was in 1938, Over $300 million worth of copper was shipped on the Copper River & Northwestern Railroad to the shipping port of Cordova. It is said the whole construction costs were covered by the gold and silver recovered in the same deposits, thus making the sales from copper pure profit.

Kennecott Copper Corporation employed over 600 people, 300 at the mill site, where crushing, sorting and shipment occurred. Another 300 lived in the mines and bunkhouses up the mountain reached by the extensive tram system. There are over 80 miles of tunnels in the mountain. Kennecott was a company town, complete with a power plant, homes for the managers, a modern hospital, a company general store, gymnasium, schoolhouse, recreation facilities, bunk houses and of course, its own Kennecott Dairy.

Some of the buildings in Kennecott are still owned privately. Several of our McCarthy vendors are located here. With the acquisition by the National Park Service in 1997 many buildings have been restored using locals for the construction crews. The Park Service continues to spend millions to preserve this endangered national monument. There are local guiding companies that currently conduct tours through the buildings.

*Kennicott is the correct spelling for the glacier and Kennecott the correct spelling for the mining company and mill site. Today either way may be considered correct.